![\"Cato](\"https:\/\/content.artofmanliness.com\/uploads\/\/2013\/05\/cato1.jpg\")
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Editor’s Note: This is a guest post from Rob Goodman and Jimmy Soni,<\/em> co-authors of <\/em>Rome\u2019s Last Citizen: The Life and Legacy of Cato.<\/a><\/p>\n Cato the Younger\u2014the great Roman soldier, senator, and Stoic\u2014was a hard man to like. He was ungracious in his friendships, uncompromising in his politics, blunt in his conversations, yet able to talk the Roman Senate\u2019s ears off from sunup to sundown. We\u2019re fairly confident that he wouldn\u2019t have liked us, either. But we were fascinated enough by Cato to write his biography<\/a>, and to tell the story of how he became the last man to stand against Julius Caesar in defense of the Roman Republic. For us, the most admirable part of his character is something entirely unexpected in an ancient Roman culture so conscious of the weight of its own past. He was, in the truest sense of the words, a self-made man.<\/p>\n Cato wasn\u2019t self-made in the familiar sense: he came from a long line of statesmen, and he never had to worry about money. But Cato was self-made in a deeper sense: he made it his life\u2019s work to live deliberately. Many of us find that our character simply happens<\/i> to us: we spend an inordinate time worrying about what we\u2019d like to accomplish, but give little thought to who we\u2019d like to be. Cato was different. His character\u2014austere, tough, principled to a fault\u2014was a conscious creation.<\/p>\n There are plenty of obvious places in Cato\u2019s life to look for lessons in the art of manliness: his month-long march across the North African desert with the last remnants of troops loyal to the Republic, or his decision to take his own life rather than submit to Caesar\u2019s dictatorship. And to be fair, there are plenty of things in Cato\u2019s life we shouldn\u2019t emulate\u2014for starters, his stubbornness and refusal to compromise for the good of the Republic. Yet we think Cato\u2019s most important lesson in manliness is still worth learning: how we can take control of our character. These are some of the keys to becoming a self-made man<\/a>.<\/p>\n Imagine that you had an image of every male ancestor dating back four or five generations. Imagine that they were masks pressed in wax from the flesh at the moment of death, then copied in stone to hang on your wall. Imagine, in other words, that these were literally the faces of your father, and his father, and his, watching every one of your comings and goings. If you can picture that, you can understand something of what it meant to be a Roman, and something of what it meant to feel your roots as a living, palpable presence.<\/p>\n And if you want to understand what it meant to grow up as Cato, then add this detail. Most days, you would also have to walk past a life-sized public statue of your sainted great-grandfather, complete with an inscription honoring him for saving his country \u201cwhen the Roman state was tottering to its fall.\u201d<\/p>\n Many of us, in Cato\u2019s position, would be paralyzed by the weight of the past. Cato was different. He didn\u2019t run away from his roots: at the age of 18, he made his first public splash by saving a public hall built up by his great-grandfather from renovations, and he made his mark in Roman politics as a defender of the mos maiorum <\/i>(\u201cthe way of the ancestors\u201d). But he also knew when to depart from the past and make his own way. He expressed his independence most publicly when, as a young man, he committed himself to a philosophical school with a suspect, foreign, and cultish reputation: Stoicism.<\/p>\n Stoicism was a Greek philosophy that had been exported to Rome just a few generations before Cato came on the stage. It taught its adherents that they could have an unshakable happiness in this life, one that was safe from any loss or disaster\u2014because the key to happiness was virtue. The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive emotions, like anger and fear, are under our conscious control\u2014they don\u2019t have to control us, because we can learn to control them. As Brett and Kate explained<\/a> on this site last year, Stoicism has a lot to do with \u201cself-sufficiency and self-control.\u201d<\/p>\n Why would Romans of Cato the Younger\u2019s time object to that? First and foremost, Stoicism was foreign. And in Rome, that was a grave strike against it. Cato the Elder\u2019s xenophobic opinions, left in a letter to his son, weren\u2019t too far outside the mainstream:<\/p>\n \u201cIn due course, my son Marcus, I shall explain what I found out in Athens about these Greeks….They are a worthless and unruly tribe. Take this as a prophecy: when those folk give us their writings they will corrupt everything.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n The movement was also mocked for its outlandish paradoxes, eyeball-grabbing statements meant to serve as an introduction to the Stoic way of life. Opposing Cato in a high-profile court case, Cicero ridiculed these Stoic beliefs:<\/p>\n \u201cThat wise men, no matter how deformed, are the only beautiful men; that even if they are beggars, they are the only rich men; that even in slavery, they are kings. And all of us who are not wise men, they call slaves, exiles, enemies, lunatics. They say that all offenses are equal, that every sin is an unpardonable crime, and that it is just as much of a crime to needlessly kill a rooster as to strangle one\u2019s own father!\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n While Cicero wasn\u2019t fabricating those paradoxes, he was ignoring the deeper concepts they were meant to illustrate. But most Romans stopped where Cicero did in that trial, laughing at the provocative packaging of Stoic ideas without considering their content.<\/p>\n So when Cato adopted Stoicism\u2014and eventually became the public face of the philosophy\u2014he was taking a significant risk. But Cato\u2019s choice was his own declaration of independence. It showed that he knew when to honor the Roman past, and when to leave it behind. That was the same independence of mind that would make Cato a pivotal figure in Roman history. And through the force of his example, Cato made Stoicism respectable. If you know how influential Stoicism would become, you understand just how important Cato is.<\/p>\n As part of his education, Cato sought to teach himself \u201cto be ashamed only of what was really shameful.\u201d It meant wearing outmoded and odd-colored clothing, walking barefoot in all weathers, going without creature comforts, and silently enduring abuse and insults. The ancient biographer Plutarch notes that Cato was mocked by ambitious friends for not jumping straight into politics. The imperial Stoic Seneca relates the story of the time Cato was attacked in the public baths, yet shrugged off the incident in silence.<\/p>\n Someone who carries himself as unconventionally as Cato is bound to raise eyebrows, or even to provoke attacks. But that\u2019s just what Cato was looking for. Roman Stoicism was not a series of idle speculations and deep thoughts. It was a practical guide to life, and a collection of exercises that could be put to use the day they were learned. Cato learned how to subsist on a poor man\u2019s food, or no food at all, how to speak bluntly and how to shut up, how to meditate on disaster and endure the imagined loss of everything again and again\u2014techniques that were designed to steel him against hardship and concentrate his mind on virtue as the only lasting happiness. Just as a young Teddy Roosevelt<\/a> vowed, \u201cI will make my body,\u201d Cato must have had a similar resolve: \u201cI will make my character.\u201d<\/p>\n We\u2019ve joked that if our book were ever made into a movie, Cato\u2019s Stoic education would be the obligatory training montage, set to an \u201880s rock song. But there\u2019s a larger point here: becoming self-made isn\u2019t just something you think<\/i>. It\u2019s something you do<\/i>. It isn\u2019t just coming to the right conclusions. It\u2019s putting those conclusions into practice\u2014literal practice, deliberately training ourselves in the habits we want until they become second nature.<\/p>\n Cato always cast himself as a traditionalist in his politics, the defender of Rome\u2019s ancient liberties in a time of encroaching autocracy. Some people have seen a contradiction between his traditionalism in politics and his adventurousness in philosophy. But we think they\u2019re missing the point.<\/p>\n Rome in the late Republic was full of public figures who bucked the status quo in flashier ways: rabble-rousing politicians like Catiline<\/a> and Clodius<\/a>, or Catullus<\/a>, who scandalized Rome with his erotic poetry. Next to them, Cato looks like something of a square\u2014yet he challenged the assumptions of his time in a much deeper way.<\/p>\n Becoming a self-made man didn\u2019t require Cato to turn wildly countercultural. It simply gave him the freedom to examine the dominant culture with clear eyes\u2014and when he deliberately rejected parts of that culture, he left a lasting impression. In a city of conspicuous consumption, he lived simply and frugally, even though he inherited great wealth. In a political culture that winked at bribery, corruption, and election-buying, he kept his hands clean. He pioneered a theatrical form of civil disobedience: on a number of occasions, Cato won popular acclaim by forcing his enemies to arrest or physically silence him.<\/p>\n Most intriguingly, Cato sometimes displayed a distinctly un-Roman sympathy for the well-being of conquered peoples and \u201cbarbarians.\u201d Once, as Rome celebrated Caesar\u2019s slaughter of an entire Gallic tribe, including women and children, Cato rose in the Senate to demand that the general be tried as a war criminal. It\u2019s a reminder that Stoicism was arguably the first school to teach universal respect for all peoples, an idea transmitted to Christianity and also preserved in the Stoic word \u201ccosmopolitan\u201d (literally, \u201cworld-city\u201d).<\/p>\n In fact, we think there\u2019s a lot of Stoicism in the way Cato strove to be countercultural in a deep sense, rather than a superficial sense. Stoicism teaches that we should constantly separate the trivial from the essential, the distractions from the sources of lasting happiness. Cato put that ruthless drive to get at the essentials at the heart of his political life.<\/p>\n If few people are inspired to follow in Cato\u2019s footsteps today, perhaps that\u2019s because we\u2019ve inherited an impoverished idea of what it means to be \u201cself-made.\u201d In America, to be self-made means that you\u2019ve made your own money. But think about how limiting that idea is: every time we repeat the phrase, we\u2019re unconsciously passing on the idea that the only way to make yourself is to make your fortune. We\u2019re celebrating the idea that we are what we earn, and passing over richer ways to be self-made.<\/p>\n If Cato wanted conventional success, it would have been handed to him. He had the pedigree, the name recognition, and the wealth to be a perfectly respectable and forgettable official in the Republic\u2019s governing machine. History remembers him, though, because he made a different choice.<\/p>\n What if we insisted on more room for self-made men in public life today\u2014not in the narrow sense of that phrase, but in Cato\u2019s? From student council elections through the electoral college, public life can look like a continuous weeding-out of the idiosyncratic, the original, and the critical. Year to year, politics is conducted by the same narrow range of eminently safe people. And if they offer the same narrow range of eminently safe and unsatisfactory solutions, should we be surprised?<\/p>\n Would someone of Cato\u2019s courage and originality stand a chance in American politics? It\u2019s not likely\u2014and that\u2019s our loss.<\/p>\n __________________<\/p>\n1. Respect Your Roots\u2014But Don\u2019t Let Them Trap You<\/b><\/h3>\n
2. Don\u2019t Be Afraid to Be Ridiculous<\/b><\/h3>\n
3. Know What\u2019s Important, and What\u2019s Superficial<\/b><\/h3>\n
4. \u201cSelf-Made\u201d Means More Than You Think<\/b><\/h3>\n